Quotes by John Gurdon - Page 1

There is no doubt that I was blessed with a considerable amount of luck.
John Gurdon /
Blessed
Luck
No Doubt
Considerable
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There's a danger of some of the best people saying, 'I don't want a career in science.'
John Gurdon /
Danger
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I get into lab early and leave a bit early, too. So I like to have an hour or two before everybody comes in.
John Gurdon /
Lab
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I myself have been a major beneficiary of the view that no animal will more repay treatment that is kind and fair.
John Gurdon /
Animal
Treatment
Fair
Major
Repay
View
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I must have been born with a strong attraction toward, and possibly even an aptitude for, doing things on a small scale.
John Gurdon /
Aptitude
Attraction
Born
Strong
Scale
Small
Possibly
Small Scale
Toward
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I think that I cannot immediately see the route by which we should really understand memory and the workings of the brain.
John Gurdon /
Brain
Immediately
Memory
Route
Workings
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I have this rather amazing report which, roughly speaking, says I was the worst student the biology master had ever taught.
John Gurdon /
Biology
Worst
Report
Student
Master
Roughly
Speaking
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I remember that, at an early age, I spent many months making a three-masted sailing boat with rigging in a half-walnut shell.
John Gurdon /
Boat
Sailing
Early Age
Shell
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Shinya Yamanaka's work has involved mice and human cells, and advances the prospect of providing new cells or body parts for patients.
John Gurdon /
Cells
Mice
Providing
Advances
Patients
Prospect
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Nuclear transplantation is a technique that has enormously facilitated the analysis of these interactions between nucleus and cytoplasm.
John Gurdon /
Analysis
Nuclear
Technique
Interactions
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Within six months of starting my Ph.D. work in 1956, I had already obtained feeding tadpoles derived from transplanted nuclei of embryonic cells.
John Gurdon /
Feeding
Months
Six
Starting
Within
Derived
Embryonic
Obtained
Transplanted
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The aim of a nuclear-transplant experiment is to insert the nucleus of a specialized cell into an unfertilized egg whose nucleus has been removed.
John Gurdon /
Aim
Insert
Cell
Egg
Experiment
Specialized
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I wondered whether the nuclear transfer techniques could be used to introduce purified macro-molecules into an egg, and hence into embryonic cells.
John Gurdon /
Cells
Nuclear
Egg
Embryonic
Hence
Introduce
Purified
Techniques
Transfer
Wondered
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For my part, I have worked all my life with eggs and embryos of frogs. Compared to other small animals, these have figured prominently in the world of literature.
John Gurdon /
Eggs
Embryos
Frogs
Life World My Life
All My Life
Figured
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Once the principle is there, that cells have the same genes, my own personal belief is that we will, in the end, understand everything about how cells actually work.
John Gurdon /
Genes
Work End Will
In The End
Principle
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The earliest example known to me of replaced body parts is exemplified by a Mayan skull dating back to 1400 BC. In this skull, false teeth made of stone had been implanted.
John Gurdon /
Dating
Example
Replaced
Teeth
Earliest
False
Parts
Skull
Stone
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If you explain to a patient what can be done and what might be the downsides, let the patient choose; don't have ethicists, priests, or doctors say you may or may not have replacement cells.
John Gurdon /
Doctors
Patient
Priests
Choose
Explain
Replacement
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Within one year of starting work, I had found that the nucleus of an endoderm cell from an advanced tadpole was able to yield some normal development up to the nuclear transplant tadpole stage.
John Gurdon /
Development
Found
Normal
Nuclear
Stage
Starting
Yield
Within
Advanced
Year
Cell
Transplant
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It is particularly pleasing to see how purely basic research, originally aimed at testing the genetic identity of different cell types in the body, has turned out to have clear human health prospects.
John Gurdon /
Health
Basic Research
Body
Clear
Different
Human Health
Identity
Prospects
Research
Testing
Basic
Cell
Human
Particularly
Genetic
Originally
Pleasing
Purely
Turned
Types
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The work I was involved in had no obvious therapeutic benefit. It was purely of scientific interest. I hope the country will continue to support basic research even though it may have no obvious practical value.
John Gurdon /
Basic Research
Involved
Obvious
Research
Support
Therapeutic
Basic
Benefit
Practical
Purely
Scientific
Though
Value
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My first attempts to transplant nuclei in Xenopus were completely unsuccessful, because the Xenopus egg, unlike those of other amphibians, is surrounded by an extremely elastic membrane and jelly layer that make penetration by a micropipette impossible.
John Gurdon /
Impossible
Jelly
Penetration
Attempts
Egg
Elastic
Extremely
Unlike
Layer
Surrounded
Transplant
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As a brand new graduate student starting in October 1956, my supervisor Michail Fischberg, a lecturer in the Department of Zoology at Oxford, suggested that I should try to make somatic cell nuclear transplantation work in the South African frog Xenopus laevis.
John Gurdon /
Brand New
Department
Lecturer
Nuclear
October
Oxford
South
Starting
Zoology
African
Brand
Cell
Student
Frog
Graduate
Graduate Student
South African
Suggested
Supervisor
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As with most animal eggs, the early events of amphibian development are largely independent of the environment, and the processes leading to cell differentiation must involve a redistribution and interaction of constituents already present in the fertilized egg.
John Gurdon /
Animal
Constituents
Development
Differentiation
Environment
Independent
Interaction
Cell
Early
Egg
Involve
Largely
Present
Processes
Redistribution
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I take the view that anything you can do to relieve suffering or improve human health will usually be widely accepted by the public - that is to say, if cloning actually turned out to be solving some problems and was useful to people, I think it would be accepted.
John Gurdon /
Health
Accepted
Cloning
Human Health
Suffering
Anything
Actually
Useful
Take
Public
Human
Say
Would
Improve
Problems
Relieve
Solving
View
Turned
Widely
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The importance of the egg's non-nuclear material - the cytoplasm - in early development is apparent in the consistent relation that is seen to exist between certain regions in the cytoplasm of a fertilized egg and certain kinds or directions of cell differentiation.
John Gurdon /
Consistent
Differentiation
Importance
Regions
Relation
Apparent
Cell
Exist
Directions
Egg
Material
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In principle. what is done is to take the nucleus out of a cell with a very fine micro-pipette or needle and introduce it into an egg. That had been done with amphibians a long time ago, and then there was a long pause of many years before people were clever enough to make that work in the sheep.
John Gurdon /
Clever
Fine
Long Time
Long Time Ago
Time Work Done
Time Work Enough
Cell
Egg
Work Time Long
Introduce
Needle
Pause
Principle
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If you took some famous religious leader, for example, and said it would be nice to clone them indefinitely so you have a dynasty of leaders, my own guess would be that each time the cloning takes place, they would become more and more defective, presumably mentally defective and subsequently worse.
John Gurdon /
Famous
Cloning
Defective
Dynasty
Example
Leader
My Own
Nice
Religious
Said
Mentally
Be Nice
Clone
Each
Each Time
For Example
Guess
Indefinitely
Place
More And More
Presumably
Subsequently
Takes
Took
Worse
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The first point to remember is that attempts to clone mice have actually been very unsuccessful for at least a decade. Sheep have been successful. So one asks, 'Where do humans lie?' Most people think they are somewhere between the two, but at least there's a reasonable chance they might be clone-able.
John Gurdon /
Chance
Humans
Mice
Might
Reasonable
Remember
Successful
Unsuccessful
Ask
Actually
Attempts
Somewhere
Clone
Decade
Lie
Least
Point
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I left my frogs, which I had grown, with my supervisor, who had moved to Geneva, and he and a technician grew them up. So by 1962, they were adults, and one could publish a paper to say that these animals, derived from nuclear transfer, really were absolutely normal. So it took a little time to get through.
John Gurdon /
Frogs
Geneva
Little Time
Moved
Normal
Nuclear
Paper
Publish
Adult
Absolutely
Animals
Derived
Grown
Supervisor
Technician
Took
Transfer
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It's a very complex network of genes making products which go into the nucleus and turn on other genes. And, in fact, you find a continuing network of processes going on in a very complex way by which genes are subject to these continual adjustments, as you might say - the computer programmer deciding which genes ultimately will work.
John Gurdon /
Adjustment
Computer
Continuing
Genes
Products
Work Will Way
Complex
Deciding
Work Way Will
In Fact
Network
Processes
Subject
Ultimately
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